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Non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are expressed in viruses, archaea, prokaryotes and eukaryotes. They fulfil vital roles in the regulation of chromatin architecture, epigenetic memory, transcription, RNA splicing, editing and turnover. To date, at least 18 distinct types of ncRNA have been identified, which are classified according to their size, function, subcellular localization and target specificity.
Wine production, while considered an art form, owes an increasing debt to the latest molecular genetic technologies. Not only do these facilitate batch-to-batch consistency, they also enable the generation of novel strains of grape microflora. While the choice of grapes is important, so too is the interplay between extrinsic and intrinsic factors, and the technological decisions made at every step in the process. Together, these determine whether the finished product will be classed as a “vintage wine”, a “quaffing wine”, or “vinegar”.