Carbohydrates

D-Fucose (6-Deoxy-D-galactose) may be used for different purposes. 1. In studies of fucoidan polysaccharide containing glycans.2. D-Fucose is used as a substrate to identify, differentiate and characterize enzymes such as the fucosidase(s), l-fucose isomerase(s) and L-fucose dehydrogenase(s).3. D-Fucose may be used to study organelles, bacterial microcompartments, involved in the degradation of plant and algal cell wall sugars.4. D-Fucose may be used as a reference compound in rare sugar identification and analysis.

L-Fucose CAS 2438-80-4 (6-Deoxy-L-galactose) may be used for different purposes. 1. In studies of fucoidan polysaccharide containing glycans.2. L-Fucose is used as a substrate to identify, differentiate and characterize enzymes such as the fucosidase(s), l-fucose isomerase(s) and L-fucose dehydrogenase(s).3. L-Fucose may be used to study organelles, bacterial microcompartments, involved in the degradation of plant and algal cell wall sugars.4. L-Fucose may be used as a reference compound in rare sugar identification and analysis.5. A more and more important role of fucose,  is within the biopharmaceutical industry and, specifically, the production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is the primary mechanism of action for many therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. The cytotoxic effect of the mAbs is more or less based on the portion of fucose of the N-linked glycans. The exact amount of fucose must be detected quickly and unambiguously while production. Pure fucose can serve as a standard for this purpose.

Galactosamine is a hexosamine derived from galactose with the molecular formula C6H13NO5. This amino sugar is a constituent of some glycoprotein hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Other sugar constituents of FSH and LH include glucosamine, galactose and glucose.

Galactose is a monosaccharide. When combined with glucose (monosaccharide), through a condensation reaction, the result is the disaccharide lactose. The hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and galactose is catalyzed by the enzymes lactase and β-galactosidase. The latter is produced by the lac operon in Escherichia coli. In nature, lactose is found primarily in milk and milk products. Consequently, various food products made with dairy-derived ingredients, e.g. breads and cereals, can contain lactose. Galactose metabolism, which converts galactose into glucose, is carried out by the three principal enzymes in a mechanism known as the Leloir pathway. In the human body, glucose is changed into galactose via hexoneogenesis to enable the mammary glands to secrete lactose. However, most lactose in breast milk is synthesized from galactose taken up from the blood, and only 35±6% is made from galactose from de novo synthesis.

Highly pure D(+)-Galactose derived from beech. Guaranteed free of any animal contaminants!

Galacturonic acid (GalA) is the primary building block of mainly pectin but also other biopolymers found in plants. The polymeric GalA chains in pectin, are linked by alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Some of the carboxyl groups are methylated and exist as methyl esters. The molecular mass of pectins reaches 200,000 g/mol and more. Pectin is found mainly in plant walls. It is particularly abundant (≈30 wt%) in citrus peels, but is also extracted from apples, spinach, sugar beets, and other fruits and vegetables. It is mainly used as a gelling or filling agent in foods such as jellies, jams, desserts and sweets, and as a stabilizer in juices and milk-based beverages.

CAS: [66-84-2] - C6H13NO5 x HCl

L-(−)-Glucose is an enantiomer of the more common D-glucose. L-Glucose cannot be used by cells as an energy source because it cannot be phosphorylated by hexokinase.

Glycogen is used to precipitate nanograms of DNA very efficiently. Mainly used if nucleic acids are precipitated with 0.5M ammonia-acetate and iso-Propanol. Ref.: Sambrook J., & Russel D.W. (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd Edition, p. 5.20, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) also called hyaluronan, hyaluronate is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues. It is unique among glycosaminoglycans in that it is nonsulfated, forms in the plasma membrane instead of the Golgi, and can be very large, with its molecular weight often reaching the millions. One of the chief components of the extracellular matrix, hyaluronan contributes significantly to cell proliferation and migration, and may also be involved in the progression of some malignant tumors.

ß-D-Galp(1->4)-D-fruc, 4-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-fructose

D-Mannitol. Purity >99.3%, CAS: [69-65-8] - C6H14O6

CAS: [3458-28-4] - C6H12O6

Maltobiose, 4-O-a-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucose, CAS: [6363-53-7] - C12H22O11H2O

D-Raffinose also known as O-α-D-Galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-D-glucopyranosyl β-D-fructofuranoside; Melitose; Melitriose; Melitose pentahydrate.

Rhamnose is a naturally occurring 6-deoxy monosaccharide consisting of six carbon atoms (hexose) and stereochemically derived from mannose (6-deoxymannose). Unlike the other naturally occurring sugars, this one exists only in the L-form as a building block of pectin chains. α-L-rhamnopyranose, the cyclic pyranose form of L-rhamnose. The name is derived from the occurrence of L-rhamnose in buckthorn plants, whose botanical name is Rhamnaceae.

Purity: >99% (HPLC). CAS: [10593-29-0] - C6H11NaO5S x 2 H2O

Trehalose, also known as mycose or tremalose, is a natural alpha-linked disaccharide formed by an alpha,alpha(1,1) glucoside bond between two alpha-glucose units. It can be synthesised by bacteria, fungi, plants, and invertebrate animals. It is implicated in anhydrobiosis the ability of plants and animals to withstand prolonged periods of desiccation. It has high water retention capabilities, and is used in food and cosmetics. The sugar is thought to form a gel phase as cells dehydrate, which prevents disruption of internal cellorganelles, by effectively splinting them in position. Rehydration then allows normal cellular activity to be resumed without the major, lethal damage that would normally follow a dehydration/rehydration cycle. Trehalose itself is not an antioxidant because it is a non-reducing sugar and does not contain nucleophilic groups in its molecule. However, it was reported to have antioxidant effects. Trehalose is a nonreducing sugar formed from two glucose units joined by a 1-1 alpha bond, giving it the name of alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 - 1)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. The bonding makes trehalose very resistant to acid hydrolysis, and therefore is stable in solution at high temperatures, even under acidic conditions. The bonding also keeps nonreducing sugars in closed-ring form, such that the aldehyde or ketone end groups do not bind to the lysine or arginine residues of proteins (a process called glycation). Trehalose is less soluble than sucrose, except at high temperatures >80°C. Trehalose forms a rhomboid crystal as the dihydrate, and has 90% of the calorific content of sucrose in that form. Anhydrous forms of trehalose readily regain moisture to form the dihydrate. Anhydrous forms of trehalose can show interesting physical properties when heat-treated. Trehalose aqueous solutions show a concentration dependent clustering tendency. Owing to their ability to form hydrogen bonds between one another, they self-associate in water to form clusters of various sizes. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations have shown that when reaching a concentration of 1.5-2.2 molar, the trehalose molecular clusters percolate and form large, continuous aggregates within the system. Source: Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trehalose)

Synonyms: D-threo-pent-2-ulose. Xylulose a ketopentose, is a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including a ketone functional group. In nature, it occurs in both the L- and D-enantiomers. L-Xylulose accumulates in the urine in patients with pentosuria, due to a deficiency in L-xylulose reductase. Since L-xylulose is a reducing sugar like D-glucose, pentosuria patients have been wrongly diagnosed in the past to be diabetic.