Antibiotics - Antibiotics for Cell Culture

Amoxicillin is an inhibitor of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It inhibits the crosslinking of peptidoglycan by binding and inactivating transpeptidases. High acitivity against gram-negative bacteria like Agrobacterium species. Sensitive to lactamase. Amoxicillin is also effective against gram positive. In opposite to Ampicillin less harmful against normal gut flora. Synonyms: (2S,5R,6R)-6-[[(2R)-2-Amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid; AMPC; Amoxillat.

Gentamycin is an almost ideal antibiotic for cell culture as it has a broad spectrum of antibacterial and antimycoplasmic activity. Gentamycin has biological and biochemical properties that make it superior to Penicillin and Streptomycin (PS). In cell culture, gentamycin is normally used at a concentration of 25 to 50μg/mL in the growth medium. Higher concentrations, e.g. 200μg/mL, are often used in viral studies when samples are known to be infected. As a broad-spectrum antibiotic, it can be used more widely and effectively than Penicillin/Streptomycin. Gentamicin is not only active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, but also against Proteus and Staphylococcus strains, which can sometimes be resistant to a PS mixture. In addition, gentamicin is also active against Pseudomonas strains.Influence of the pH valueGentamicin shows good pH stability and has been shown to be stable in tissue culture media for 15 days, in a pH range of 2 to 10 and +37 °C. These are significant advantages over streptomycin, which is rapidly destroyed by alkaline conditions, and penicillin, which is unstable at both acidic and alkaline pH.Temperature stabilityGentamicin is stable at all temperatures and can even withstand autoclaving. When using autoclavable powder media, gentamicin can therefore be added before sterilization. In contrast, autoclaving leads to almost complete inactivation of penicillin and reduces the activity of streptomycin by 50%.Serum compatibilityCompared to pencillin, the activity of gentamycin is not affected by the presence of serum. Penicillin, on the other hand, immediately loses 30% of its activity when serum is added to the tissue culture medium.Cell tolerance and other aspects - Cells tolerate more than 20 times the normal concentration. - The use of gentamicin has no effect on viral yield or plaque formation. - Gentamicin has no effect on interferon yield or assays. Further use as an additive in mycological media to prevent bacterial growth. Gentamycin is ideal for use in cell and tissue cultures or the transport of cell cultures and clinical samples containing viruses.

Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal that is used in cell culture to suppress fungal and yeast contamination, but does not act on bacteria. Addition of deoxycholate in phosphate buffer improves water solubility. For use: dilute 1: 100 (2.5μg/mL). Contains sodium deoxycholate. Amphotericin B is almost insoluble in water at pH6-7, at pH2 and pH11 soluble only with 100µg/mL. In DMSO 30-40mg/mL can be dissolved. Genaxxon bioscience offers a broad range of Antibiotics and Antimycotics as powder or solutions. Fungizone is a registered trademark of E.R. Squibb.

For tissue culture to prevent growth of yeasts and fungi. Amphotericin B is an antifungal and was isolated from Streptomyces nodosus. It is one of the macrocyclic lactones and its action is fungistatic. Amphotericin B binds to sterols (eg. As cholesterol, cholestanol) with a planar structure and disturb thereby the permeability of the cell membrane, which it for ions (K+, Na+, H+) and other low molecular weight substances (eg. As amino acids, sugars, nucleotides ) permeable makes. The cytotoxic concentration is 30μg/mL and the recommended work concentration at 2.5μg/mL. Amphotericin B is almost insoluble in water at pH6-7, at pH2 and pH11 soluble with 100µg/mL. In DMSO 30-40mg/mL can be dissolved. Addition of deoxycholate in phosphate buffer improves water solubility. Genaxxon bioscience offers a broad range of Antibiotics and Antimycotics as powder or solutions. Fungizone is a registered trademark of E.R. Squibb.

Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution (100X) for prevention of contamination by bacteria, yeasts and moulds. Penicillin G from Penicillium notatum and streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus prevent together against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria bacterial contamination of cell cultures. Penicillin G acts by interfering directly with turnover of bacterial cell wall and indirectly by triggering release of enzymes that alter the cell wall. Streptomycin works by attaching to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, which leads to an inhibition of protein synthesis and the subsequent death of bacteria. Amphotericin B interferes with fungal membrane permeability by forming channels in the membranes and causing small molecules to leak out. Antimicrobial spectrum: Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, fungi and yeasts. Recommended for use in cell culture applications at 10mL/L. Genaxxon bioscience offers a broad range of Antibiotics and Antimycotics as powder or solutions.

Apramycin is produced from Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is used to study antibiotic resistance as well as protein synthesis translocation-step inhibition in bacteria and prokaryotes. Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibioticum and has a bactericidal action against many gram-negative bacteria. Apramycin inhibits protein synthesis by blocking translocation. It is also able to bind to the eukaryotic decoding site. At low concentrations it inhibits elongation and induces misreading of mRNA during protein synthesis. Apramycin is a structurally unique antibioticum that contains a bicyclic sugar moiety and a monosubstituted deoxystreptamine. Apramycin can only be acetylated by AAC-(3)IV and as a consequence of this enzymatic modification, the antibioticum is unable to enter the cell to bind to its ribosomal target. Apramycin (also Nebramycin II) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used in veterinary medicine. It is used in pigs, sheep, cows, chicken and rabbits.

Bacitracin from Bacillus licheniformis consists of several peptides (A, B, C, D, E, F1-3), bacitracin A, a cyclic dodecapeptide, being the most important component with approximately 70%. For its bactericidal action, the presence of divalent cations (eg, zinc) is required, with which Bacitracin forms stable complexes. Like Vancomycin, it inhibits the biosynthesis of the cell wall (especially gram-positive bacteria and cocci) by binding to bactoprenylpyrophosphate. Bacitracin is very stable as a dry substance (moisture content <1%) with a shelf life of about 15 months at room temperature and is stable for about 15 months. At higher temperatures (>55°C) the antibiotic is unstable. Bacitracin is readily soluble in water or alcohols (1g/mL) and forms stable salts with zinc. In aqueous solutions, it is relatively stable in the acidic pH range (pH4-5) and relatively rapidly inactivated in the range above pH5 (pH5 - 9) at 25°C. Above pH8 it is not durable at all. In solution, 10% of the activity is lost at +2°C to +8°C within about 2 months.